INTRODUCTION:

West Bengal possesses diverse phytogeographical realms, spreading through its coastal to subalpine regions, due to its varied ecological conditions like altitude, temperature, edaphic factors, etc. Thus, vegetation of this state is greatly diversified from its east to west and north to south. These wide arrays of geomorphology, climatic variations and vegetation structure make conducive for the luxuriant growth of macrofungi. The “Decades of fungi” by¹ was the first systematic information on survey and study of macrofungal flora of West Bengal. Some workers like^2-24 deserved to be named as a major contributor to understand the macrofungal flora of this state. For more than a decade, the authors group inventoried the macro-fungal wealth of the state.

In the process of systematic study, they have described, documented and reported quite a number of taxa among which some are new to science, while others are either new for the state or new to India. The present work represents a series of paper dealing with the contribution to the macromycetes of West Bengal^25-26.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Specimens were collected during subsequent field trips from different regions of West Bengal, India. The macro-morphological and ecological characteristics were noted and colour photographs were taken in the field. The specimens were then wrapped in tissue papers and kept separately in a box in order to avoid mixing. Macro-chemical reactions specific for different species and genera were made from fresh samples as soon as possible after returning from the field. Specimens were dried overnight in a drier. Microscopic features were characterized from dried specimen with the help of a Carl Zeiss AX10 Imager A1 phase contrast microscope. Identification was performed following standard keys, and literatures^{1, 7-9}. Colour terms and codes follow Methuen Handbook of Colour²⁷. Dimensions of basidiospores were calculated from 30 measurements of the basidiospores from each of the collected basidiocarps. Q value denotes length/width ratio of the spores excluding ornamentation. Spore statistics includes: Xm, the arithmetic mean of the spore length by spore width (± standard deviation) for n spores measured in a single specimen; Q, the quotient of spore length by spore width in any one spore, indicated as a range of variation in n spores measured; Qm, the mean of Q-values in a single specimen; n, total number of spores measured. Microscopic line drawings were made with the help of camera lucida which were finally traced with rotring 0.1 mm pen. The specimens were preserved using standard protocol²⁸. The voucher specimens have been deposited in the Calcutta University Herbarium (CUH), Kolkata, India.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

Taxonomy:

Podoscypha petalodes (Berk.) Boidin, Revue Mycol., Paris 24: 230 (1959) Figs. 1-2

Basidiocarps small to medium. Pileus 18–65 mm high, 7–23 mm wide, spathulate to funnel shaped, pseudo-infundibuliform, often very thin, margin entirely wavy, frequently curl inward, laterally confluent and often forming rosette-like fruit bodies; upper surface minutely pubescent, varying from golden brown to light brown (5D7), brownish yellow (5C8), becoming light brown to chestnut brown after drying, with concentric zones; hymenial surface cream when young; greyish brown (8C2), covered with an ashy pruina when matures; context thin. Stipe 9–17 × 1–3 mm, relatively short to well developed, the surface appearing minutely hispid under a lens due to the presence of caulocystidia, brownish to dark brown (6F6), solid. Odour and taste indistinctive.

Fig. 1: Podoscypha petalodes Photographs of the fresh basidiocarp. Scale bars: a–b = 10 mm.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae 3.5–4.5 μm broad, hyaline, thin-walled, frequently branched, with large prominent clamp-connections. Skeletal hyphae 2.5–4.5 μm broad, thick-walled, unbranched. Pileocystidia 15.5–19.5 × 5.5–7.5 μm, subcylindric to clavate, with rounded apices. Hymenialcystidia absent. Gloeocystidia abundant elongated, 21.5–50 × 5.5–8.5 μm, thin-walled, with highly refractive contents, sub-cylindrical to tubular, traversing the entire width of hymenium. Caulocystidia large, 93–123 × 8–11 μm, variable in shape, much more deep seated origin and are usually far longer, protruding, arising in the trama and grow out in right angles, sub-cylindrical to clavate, elongated, contents brownish, thick-walled, with basal clamped. Basidia 18–21.5 × 7–8.5 μm, clavate, hyaline, oil granules present when viewed with 10% KOH; mostly 4-spored, rarely 2-spored; sterigmata 3.5–5.5 μm long, cylindrical. Basidiospores (2.9–) 3.2–3.9(–4.3) × (1.8–) 2.5–2.9(–3.3) μm [Q_AVG = 1.4–1.5, Q_m = 1.45 ± 0.22, n=20 spores], oval to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, inamyloid, uni-gluttulate when viewed with 10% KOH, thin-walled. Basidia 18–21.5 × 6.8–8.2 μm, clavate, hyaline, oil granules present when viewed with 10% KOH; mostly 4-sterigmatic, rarely bisterigmatic; sterigmata 3.5–5.2 μm long, cylindrical.

Habit and habitat:

Gregarious or in clusters, on soil associated with roots of deciduous trees.

Specimens examined:

INDIA: West Bengal, Hooghly district, Dhanekhali, 22° 58' 6.9672'' N, 88° 5' 40.8372'' E, alt. 18.6 m, K. Acharya and S. Paloi, 19 July 2016, CUH AM376; Nadia district, Haringhata, 22° 58' 2.2044'' N, 88° 35' 7.1016'' E, alt. 15.6 m, E. Tarafder, 29 July 2016, CUH AM378; Kolkata, Rajbhaban, 22° 33' 54.684'' N, 88° 20' 49.1136'' E, alt. 10.4 m, K. Acharya, 21 August 2012, CUH AM407.

REMARKS:

The specimen was identified as Podoscypha petalodes according to Berkeley and Broome (1959)²⁹. The species grows gregariously in terrestrial condition with rotting stump of hardwoods. Macroscopically the basidiocarps normally forms dense rosettes but, occasionally occur as discrete, of virtually any shape, at times crowded together and fused. The species can be distinguished by the presence of abundant thick-walled caulocystidia and pileocystidia. Podoscypha petalodes differ from P. venustula var. cuneata by the absence of mycelia disc.

Fig. 2: Podoscypha petalodes (a) Generative hyphae (b) Skeletal hyphae (c) Pileocystidia (d) Gloeocystidia (e) Caulocystidia (f) Basidia (g) Basidiospores. Scale bars: a–b = 10 μm, c = 5 μm, d–f = 10 μm, g = 5 μm.

Coltricia cinnamomea (Jacq.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 31(6): 343 (1904) Figs. 3-4

Basidiocarps annual, centrally stipitate to slightly eccentric, gregarious, relatively small to medium sized. Pileus 20–40 mm diam., 2–3 mm thick; circular, funnel-shaped, infundibuliform with depressed centre; coriaceous tough when fresh, resinous hard and brittle on drying; upper surface velutinate-tomentose to silky fibrillose, with concentric zones, presence of radial ridges, glabrous; margin thin, curving downwards at maturity; margin slightly brown (6D5, 6D6), surface yellowish white (2A2) to light yellowish brown (5D8) when fresh, dirty brown (8E5) on drying, bright reddish brown (8E6) to cinnamon brown (6D6). Poresurface yellowish white (4A2) to yellowish brown (5D5, 5E5, 5D8) when fresh, turns dark brown (6F6) on bruising and drying; tubes decurrent, 2–3 mm deep, brittle on drying; pores angular, 2–4 per mm, becoming sinuate towards the centre with age. Context 2–4 mm thick, yellowish brown (5D8, 5E8), dark brown (6F6) on drying. Stipe 25–45 × 5–8 mm, central, cylindrical, equal to slightly tapered towards the base, single or many pileus from a common stipe, solid, coriaceous tough when fresh, finely velvety; reddish brown (8E6, 8F6). Odour and taste unknown.

Fig. 3: Coltricia cinnamomea (a-b) Photographs of the fresh basidiocarps. Scale bars: a–b = 10 mm.

Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae highly branched, simple septate, pale to golden yellow, 3.5–5 µm wide in the tramal hyphae, thick-walled (up to 0.7–1 µm), darker, context and pileal surface hyphae 6.5–9.5 µm wide. Stipe trama hyphae pale yellowish to golden brown, thick-walled (up to 1.5 µm), regularly branched, parallel, straight, 4–8 µm diam., stipehairs hyphae, septate, 5–9 µm broad. Cystidia absent. Setae or other sterile hymenial elements absent. Basidia (11–)17–21(–25) × 6.5–8 μm, clavate, with multiple gluttule, tetra-sterigmatic; sterigmata ca. 4 µm long. Basidioles 13–16(–21) × 6–8 μm, clavate, slightly smaller than basidia. Basidiospores (3.9–)5.4–6.8(–7.8) × (2.7–)3–4.6(–5.4) μm [X_m = 5.99 ± 1.5 × 3.8 ± 0.8, Q_AVG = 1.58–2.22, Q_m = 1.58 ± 0.31, n=20 spores], subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, without germ pore, smooth, hyaline to pale yellow when viewed with 10% KOH, thin to moderately thick-walled (0.71–1.7 μm), -ve in Melzer’s reagent. Habit and habitat: Growing solitary to gregarious, on the ground of deciduous, hard wood or mixed forests. Specimens examined: INDIA: West Bengal, Darjeeling district, Rishop, 27° 6' 18.3132'' N, 88° 38' 41.388'' E, alt. 2190.7 m, N. Chakraborty, 04 October 2015, CUH AM355; Darjeeling district, Lolaygaon,27° 1' 7.932'' N, 88° 34' 0.9804'' E, alt. 1660.7 m, N. Chakraborty, 03 October 2015,, CUH AM356; Darjeeling, Neora valley, 27° 4' 54.6888'' N, 88° 41' 57.2892'' E, alt. 2208.7 m, N. Chakraborty, 05 October 2015, CUH AM361.

REMARKS:

Coltricia cinnamomea could be easily recognized by a combination of characters like a deep brown pileus with shiny to velvety concentric zones, pored hymenium and dark stipe, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. The present species is cosmopolitan in distribution and reported from several countries throughout the world like Africa, Kenya, South Africa, Asia, Australia, Southern Europe and North America. Previously in India, it had been reported from Sikkim¹, Uttarakhand and Meghalaya^2,3,7,
30-31, West Bengal^32-34Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir³⁰, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura³³.

Fig. 4: Coltricia cinnamomea (a) Generative hyphae (b) Stipe trama hyphae (c) Stipe hairs hyphae (d) Basidia (e) Basidiospores. Scale bars: a–d = 10 μm, e = 5 μm.

Coltricia cinnamomea is close to C. perennis but, differ by the presence of smaller basidiocarps and silky, shiny, fibrillose upper surface. The present taxa also differ from another similar species like Coltricia montagnei due to presence of angular pores, velvety stipe, and never producing pseudo gills. The European species Coltricia perennis generally possess quite larger basidiocarps, dull and hirsute pileus and antler-like branched pileal hyphae³¹.

Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill, Bull. Torrey bot. Club 31(8): 421 (1904) Figs. 5-6

Basidiocarps annual, sessile, often substipitate, leathery, coriaceous, small to medium. Pileus 19 × 27 mm long, 39 × 72 mm wide, 2–4 mm thick, semi-circular, more or less flat, surface smooth, glabrous, zonate, yellowish white (1A2) striation present towards margin; dimidiate, broadly attached and elongated, flabelliform; orange (7A8) to orange red (8A7), deep red (10C8) towards centre; margin smooth to slightly wavy, thin, pale orange (5A3). Hymenial surface dark red (10C8). Pores circular, 3–5 per mm, pore tube orange red (8A7), ca. 1 mm long. Context up to 2 mm thick, tough-fibrous, deep red (10C8) on drying. Odour and taste not recorded.

Fig. 5: Pycnoporus sanguineus (a-b) Photographs of the fresh basidiocarps. Scale bars: a–b = 10 mm.

Hyphalsystem trimitic; generative hyphae 2–3.5 µm wide, hyaline, thin-walled, clamped. Skeletal hyphae hyaline, thick-walled, mostly branched, 4.5–6 µm wide. Binding hyphae hyaline, thick-walled, much branched, 2.5–4 µm wide. Cystidia and other sterile elements absent. Basidia (10.5–)12.5–14(–15) × 4–6.5 µm, hyaline, clavate; 4-spored; sterigmata ca. 1 µm long. Basidioles10–13 × 4–6 µm, clavate, with basal clamp. Basidiospores (3.6–)4.6–5.4(–6.2) × (2.1–)2.5–3.2(–3.5) μm [X_m = 4.5 ± 0.6 × 2.9 ± 0.4, Q_AVG = 1.63–2.33, Q_m = 1.6 ± 0.3, n=20 spores], hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, slightly curved, IKI -ve.

Habit and habitat:

Growing solitary to gregarious, on fallen, dead and decaying stump of deciduous trees.

Specimens examined:

INDIA: West Bengal, North 24-parganas district, Suria, 22° 51' 8.298'' N, 88° 32' 53.232'' E, alt. 13.9 m, E. Tarafder, 01August 2015, CUH AM406; North 24-parganas district, Suria, 22° 51' 6.1632'' N, 88° 33' 3.7404'' E, alt. 13.6 m, E. Tarafder, 10 August 2015, CUH AM412; Bankura district, Bishnupur, 24° 12' 26.262'' N, 88° 16' 2.37'' E, alt. 21.7 m, P. Pradhan, 10 August 2009, CUH AM431; South 24-parganas district, Basanti, 22° 11' 55.05'' N, 88° 42' 36.2196'' E, alt. 7.9 m, K. Acharya and A.K. Dutta, 31 July 2010, CUH AM425; South 24-parganas district, Gosaba, 22° 9' 55.5732'' N, 88° 48' 35.7012'' E, alt. 5.9 m, A. K. Dutta and P. Pradhan, 27 June 2010, CUH AM420.

REMARKS:

This is one of the widely distributed genus with the present present species being the most common in occurrence on fallen logs of deciduous trees. However, Pycnoporus sanguineus differs from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus by the presence of smaller pores and thinner basidiocarps. Young basidiocarps of Pycnoporus sanguineus resemble that of P. coccineus, however, with age the later becomes more orangish and the former more reddish. Mature basidiocarps of P. coccineus are also larger than that of P. sanguineus. In India, it has been reported earlier from Uttarakhand by Sharma (2012)³¹ growing upon rotting hardwoods.

Fig. 6: Pycnoporus sanguineus (a) Generative hyphae (b) Skeletal hyphae (c) Binding hyphae (d) Basidia (e) Basidioles (f) Basidiospores. Scale bars: a–c = 10 μm, d–e = 5 μm.

Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill, Annls mycol. 18(1/3): 51 (1920) Figs. 7-8

Basidiocarps annual, laterally stipitate to sessile, single to imbricate clusters with narrow base, relatively medium to large. Pileus 80–110 mm long, 72–105 mm broad, 5–10 mm thick near the base, soft, dimidiate to semicircular, flabelliform; upper surface yellow (2A7), azonate, fading to almost light yellow (2A5) with age on drying, moist, smooth, glabrous; margin white (1-2A1), thick, rounded. Context 4–5 mm thick, soft fleshy and watery when fresh, soft and fragile when dry; white (2A1) to light yellow (2A5). Hymenial surface sulphur yellow (1A5) when fresh, brownish yellow (5C8) to blackish brown (9F5) on drying. Pores angular, 3–4 per mm, tube layer sulphur yellow (1A5) when fresh, dark brown (6F6) on drying; striate to slightly oblique, 1–2 mm long. Taste not recorded. Odour pleasant.

Fig. 7: Laetiporus sulphureus (a-b) Photographs of the fresh basidiocarps. Scale bars: a–b = 10 mm.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae 5.5–9 µm diam., hyaline, thin-walled, simple septate, with rare branching, multiple clamped (up to 4 µm wide). Binding hyphae 3–12 µm wide, hyaline, non-septate, thick-walled (up to 1 µm), much branched. Cystidia absent. Setae or other sterile hymenial elements absent. Basidia (18–)25–27(–35) × 6–10 μm, clavate, with basal clamp, 4-spored; sterigmata 2.5–4 µm long. Basidioles 16–25(–28) × 6–8 μm, clavate, with basal clamp, similar to basidia. Basidiospores (3.9–)5.4–6.8(–7.2) × 3.5–5 μm [X_m = 6.19 ± 1.1 × 3.85 ± 0.62, Q_AVG = 1.62–2, Q_m = 1.6 ± 0.3, n=20 spores], ovoid to ellipsoid, without germ pore, smooth, apiculus present, hyaline, moderately thick-walled (0.7–1.4 μm), IKI -ve.

Habit and habitat:

Growing gregarious or in clusters, on stumps or cut base Bamboo plants.

Specimens examined:

INDIA: West Bengal, Nadia district, Birohi, 22° 59' 35.0808'' N, 88° 32' 53.6208'' E, alt. 15.5 m, E. Tarafder, 07 August 2015, CUH AM405; North 24-parganas, Near Suria bus stand, 22° 51' 18.5508'' N, 88° 32' 40.5636'' E, alt. 13.6 m, E. Tarafder, 07 August 2015, CUH AM 417.

REMARKS:

The bright yellow to orange coloured basidiocarps usually occurs in imbricate clusters. The presence of roundish margin and brittle, sappy or succulent consistency easily distinguish this species in the field. The habitat of the present species preferably occurs on the trunk of living trees and base of bamboos and there are reports suggesting that L. sulphureus is responsible for causing heart rot of living trees that by far causes decay in hardwood timbers³⁵. Among morphologically related taxa, Laetiporus sulphureus differs L. percicinus by its citric yellow to pale orange surface of basidiocarps and sulphur yellow coloured pores surface.

Fig. 8: Laetiporus sulphureus (a) Generative hyphae (b) Binding hyphae (c) Basidia (d) Basidioles (e) Basidiospores. Scale bars: a–b = 15 μm, c–d = 10 μm, e = 5 μm.

Amylosporus campbellii (Berk.) Ryvarden, Norw. Jl Bot. 24: 217 (1977) Figs. 9-10

Basidiocarps annual, pileate, centrally to laterally stipitate, soft fleshy, succulent and watery when fresh, corky and brittle upon drying. Pileus ca. 12 cm diam., 16 mm thick at centre when fresh; lobed, becoming thinner towards margin; margin obtuse to acute, pinkish white (9A2, 10A2); upper surface glabrous, azonate, smooth to slightly rough, pinkish white (9A2) to brownish red (10D8) towards the centre. Context up to 15 mm thick towards the stipe, soft and watery when fresh, white (2A1) to light brown (6D6) when fresh, brown (6D7) upon drying, unchanging with KOH. Hymenial surface white (2A1) to cream (4A3). Pore surface white (2A1), round to angular; pores 2–4 per mm; dissepiments becoming thin and lacerate, tubes up to 1 mm long. Stipe up to 18 mm long, 14 mm diam., short and thick, white (2A1) to cream (4A3), corky when dry. Odour spermatic. Taste not recorded.

Fig. 9: Amylosporus campbellii (a-b) Photographs of the fresh basidiocarps. Scale bars: a–b = 10 mm.

Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae 3–6 µm wide, common, hyaline, thin-walled, simple septate, branched. Skeletal hyphae 4–7 µm wide, hyaline, thick-walled, up to 1 µm thick, with irregular branching. Gloeopleurous hyphae present, 3–8 µm wide, thin-walled, almost hyaline to yellowish, unbranched. Cystidia and other sterile elements absent. Basidia (12–)14–17(–19) × 6.5–7 μm, clavate, with gluttule, 4-spored; sterigmata 2.1–3.9 µm long, cylindrical. Basidioles 16–18 × 6–7 μm, clavate, almost similar to basidia. Basidiospores (2.8–)3.5–4.2(–5.4) × 2.8–3.2(–4) μm [X_m = 4.3 ± 0.9 × 3.5 ± 0.3, Q_AVG = 1.24–1.66, Q_m = 1.24 ± 0.19, n=20 spores], short ellipsoid to subglobose, without germ pore, smooth, hyaline to pale yellow when viewed with 10% KOH, thin-walled, weakly amyloid.

Habit and habitat:

Growing solitary or in groups, on buried plant debris, on soil or upon cut stumps/ injured base of bamboos.

Specimens examined:

INDIA: West Bengal, Birbhum district, Tumbani, 24° 12' 18.2000'' N, 87° 56' 11.6916'' E, alt. 2.3 m, P. Pradhan, 03 June 2009, CUH AM409; South 24-parganas district, kumirmari Island, Gosaba Block, 22° 12' 18.5148'' N, 88° 56' 11.7528'' E, alt. 2.2 m, A. K. Dutta, 27 June 2011, CUH AM411; East Midnapur district, Nandigram, 22° 0' 2.9052'' N, 87° 59' 47.6592'' E, alt. 9.7 m, C. K. Maiti, 28 July 2010, CUH AM414; Howrah district, Andul, Jhorehat, 22° 34' 52.9608'' N, 88° 14' 23.9568'' E, alt. 11.0 m, N. Chakraborty, 12 August 2010, CUH AM416; South 24-parganas, Sagar block, 21° 43' 37.0812'' N, 88° 6' 43.4052'' E, alt. 3.9 m, P. Pradhan and A. K. Dutta, 11 August 2010, CUH AM429; Howrah district, Deulpur, 22° 36' 1.818'' N, 88° 9' 56.6208'' E, alt. 11.8 m, N. Chakraborty and P. Samanta, 23 June 2013, CUH AM426; Kolkata, Rajbhaban, 22° 33' 56.0376'' N, 88° 20' 46.1796'' E, alt. 10.2 m, K. Acharya, 07 September 2012, CUH AM 422; South 24-parganas, Amtali block, 22° 13' 23.9448'' N, 88° 54' 54.9396'' E, alt. 4.0 m, S. Chatterjee and S. Chandra, 31 July 2010, CUH AM419; South 24-parganas, Basanti block, 22° 12' 2.988'' N, 88° 42' 33.9048'' E, alt. 7.5 m, K. Acharya and A.K. Dutta, 31 July 2010, CUH AM037.

REMARKS.

This species can easily be identified in the field by its thick, white to pinkish stipitate basidiocarp, often with an irregular tapering base, presence of strongly decurrent pores, strong spermatic smell, and habitat on buried plant debris, on soil, or upon cut stumps/injured base of bamboos. Microscopically the present species shows dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae having simple septa and skeletal hyphae, presence of gloeopleurous hyphae, and of shortly ellipsoid to subglobose, smooth, or finely warty amyloid basidiospores.

Fig. 10: Amylosporus campbellii (a) Generative hyphae, (b) Skeletal hyphae, (c) Gloeopleurous hyphae, (d) Basidia, (e) Basidioles, (f) Basidiospores. Scale bars: a–c = 10 μm, a–c = 5 μm.

Amylosporus campbellii shows its common distribution in tropical Africa and America^36-38. However, among the Asian countries, it was earlier reported only from India⁴. The basidiospores shape of our collections was found to be shortly ellipsoid to subglobose (2.8–5.4 × 2.8–4 μm) while, previous studies revealed the spore to be ellipsoid (4.5–5.5 × 2.5–4 μm³⁸) or broadly ellipsoid to ovoid (4–5 × 2.5–4 μm³⁶).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

Authors gratefully acknowledge the Department of Environment, Government of West Bengal, India for providing financial assistance.

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Received on 02.03.2017 Modified on 28.03.2017

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(4): 1123-1130.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00203.7